Notes Hub : Er Nikhil Sharma

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1.          What is SQL? SQL stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is a simple and powerful language used to create, access, and manipulate data and structure in a database. SQL is like plain English, easy to understand and write. SQL is a non-procedural language. Features of SQL: ·          Easy to read and understand. ·          Can be used by those having little or no programming experience. ·          It is a non-procedural language. ·          It is based upon relational algebra and relational tuple calculus. ·          SQL was designed by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce. 2.  What are various categories or statements in SQL?    Oracle divides SQL statements into various categories, which are: ·          DDL (Data Definition Language) ·          DML (Data Manipulation Language)  ·          DCL (Data Control Language) ·          TCL (Transaction Control Language) ·          Embedded SQL statements 3. What are DDL statem

We have following types of keys in SQL which are used to fetch records from tables and to make relationship among tables or views. Super Key Super key is a set of one or more than one keys that can be used to identify a  record uniquely in a table. Example : Primary key, Unique key, Alternate key are subset of Super Keys. Candidate Key A Candidate Key is a set of one or more fields/columns that can identify a record uniquely in a table. There can be multiple Candidate Keys in one table. Each Candidate Key can work as Primary Key. Primary Key Primary key is a set of one or more fields/columns of a table that uniquely identify arecord in database table. It can not accept null,  duplicate  values. Only one Candidate Key can be Primary Key. Alternate key A Alternate key is a key that can be work as a primary key. Basically it is a candidate key that currently is not primary key. Composite/Compound Key Composite Key is a combination of more than one fields

153. A microprogram written as string of 0's and 1's is a  symbolic microinstruction  binary microinstruction  symbolic microprogram  binary microprogram 154. Which command lists the contents of current directory of a disk  Copy  Tree  Cd  Dir 155. Which of the following file organization is most effieient for a file with a high degree of file activity?  sequential  ISAM  VSAM  B-Tree 156. A communications device that combines transmissions from several I/O devices into one line is a  concentrator  modifier  multiplexer  full-duplex line 157. Which command displays all the files having the same name but different extensions?  Dir filename.*  Dir filename.ext  Dir *.sys  Dir *.ext 158. Most data communications involving telegraph lines use:  simplex lines  wideband channel  narrowband channel  dialed service 159. Which of the following is not a transmission medium?  telephone lines  coaxial cables  modem  microwave systems

#include < iostream . h > #include < conio . h > int heapsize , length ; void exchange ( int & a , int & b ) { int temp ; temp = a ; a = b ; b = temp ; } void maxheapify ( int a [ ] , int i ) { int l , r , largest , temp ; l = 2 * i ; //left[i] r = 2 * i + 1 ; //right[i] if ( l <= heapsize && a [ l ] > a [ i ] ) largest = l ; else largest = i ; if ( r <= heapsize && a [ r ] > a [ largest ] ) largest = r ; if ( largest != i ) { exchange ( a [ i ] , a [ largest ] ) ; maxheapify ( a , largest ) ; } } void buildmaxheap ( int a [ ] ) { heapsize = length ; for ( int i = length / 2 ; i >= 1 ; i -- ) maxheapify ( a , i ) ; } void heapsort ( int a [ ] ) { buildmaxheap ( a ) ; for ( int i = length ; i >= 2 ; i -- ) { exchange ( a [ 1 ] , a [ i ] ) ; heapsize -= 1 ; maxheapify ( a , 1 ) ; } } void main ( ) { clrscr